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    • 专利摘要:
    Helix acoustic beam generation system and method. The present invention provides a system and method for manipulating matter by means of two acoustic vortex confocal beams (2, 3). More specifically, the invention refers to a system composed of at least one acoustic emitter that generates the aforementioned vortex beams (2, 3), so that they have different topological load and frequency. The superposition of the two beams (2, 3) produces an acoustic field (8) that winds in a helix shape along an axial axis (z), where the structure of the field rotates about the axis as a function of time at a controllable frequency, given by the difference in frequencies of the confocal beams. The method of the invention allows the manipulation of matter at an adjustable frequency, allowing its rotation, attraction and thrust; as well as the trapping of particles and the generation of transverse waves inside solid materials whose frequency and polarization is configurable. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2811650A1
    申请号:ES202030766
    申请日:2020-07-22
    公开日:2021-03-12
    发明作者:Gonzalez Noé Jimenez；Kestutis Staliunas；Femenia Francisco Camarena
    申请人:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas CSIC；Universidad Politecnica de Valencia；Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya UPC；Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats ICREA；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0002] SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING CONFOCAL ACOUSTIC BEAMS OF VORTEX WITH TEMPORARY SPACE OVERLAY
    [0003] FIELD OF THE INVENTION
    [0005] The present invention is framed in the field of acoustics and, more specifically, in the field of generating and focusing three-dimensional acoustic beams to interact and manipulate matter without contact, by means of acoustic fields.
    [0007] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    [0009] The interaction of acoustic waves with matter comprises a series of physical phenomena that allow the manipulation of matter in a selective, controlled and non-contact manner, which is why they are used in multiple practical applications. The mechanical effects of waves on matter are related to the transfer of linear and angular momentum, these being two of their fundamental properties. Acoustic vortices are waves that exhibit phase dislocations, also called screw dislocations. These waves carry, in addition to linear momentum, orbital angular momentum capable of creating a torque associated with the transfer of momentum. In particular, acoustic helical beams or vortices, that is, beams with a phase singularity on their axis, offer unique possibilities for interacting with matter. Exploiting these concepts, advanced technologies have been developed in the fields of electromagnetism and optics to design particle trapping systems, as well as for classification, chromatography and rheology, among others (see, for example, DG Grier, “A revolution in optical manipulation. ”Nature, 424 ( 6950), 2003).
    [0011] In the field of acoustics, the transfer of orbital angular momentum to solid objects, through reflection or absorption processes, leads to the generation of torques in macro and microscopic objects, as disclosed in various references in the state of the art ( see, for example, K. Volke-Sepúlveda et al., “Transfer of angular momentum to matter from acoustical vortices in free space”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 100 ( 2), 2008 ; A. Anhauseret al., “ Acoustic rotational manipulation using orbital angular momentum transfer, ”Phys. Rev. Lett., 109 ( 3), 2012; CEM Demore et al.,“ Mechanical evidence of the orbital angular momentum to energy ratio of vortex beams, ”Phys. Rev. Lett., 108 ( 19), 2012; Z. Hong et al., “Observation of orbital angular momentum transfer from Bessel-shaped acoustic vortices to diphasic liquid- microparticle mixtures, ”Phys. Rev. Lett., 114 ( 21), 2015). Furthermore, vortex beams allow the generation of negative acoustic radiation forces on particles and objects. These types of acoustic vortices have recently received increasing interest, mainly due to their direct practical applications in particle trapping and handling systems such as acoustic tweezers (for example, in the references: J. Wu, "Acoustical tweezers," J. Acoust Soc. Am., 89 ( 5), 1991; A. Marzo et al., “Realization of compact tractor beams using acoustic delay-lines,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 110 ( 1), 2017; A. Marzo et al., “Acoustic Virtual Vortices with Tunable Orbital Angular Momentum for Trapping of Mie Particles,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 120 ( 4), 2018).
    [0013] Other applications of these technologies include the development of acoustic transponders for submarine communications, based on the encoding of information by means of the topological load of the vortex (as disclosed in C. Shi et al., “High-speed acoustic communication by multiplexing orbital angular momentum, ”Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114 ( 28), 2017) for subsequent sending, receiving and decoding.
    [0015] In a general way and in cylindrical vector coordinates r = r (r, 0, z), and for a wave that propagates in a medium of propagation velocity co, with an angular frequency w, and a wave number k (w) given by:
    [0019] where kr and kz are the radial and axial components of the wave number, a vortex beam can be represented by an acoustic field, & ( r, 9, z, t ), as:
    [0020]
    [0022] Vortex topological loading has been related to momentum transfer efficiency in CEM Demore et al., “Mechanical evidence of the angular orbital momentum to energy ratio of vortex beams,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 108 ( 19) , 2012. To produce high amplitude torques, the beam's wavefront must be focused while preserving the phase dislocation and its topological load must be controlled. Acoustic vortices can be focused using active devices such as arrays (also called arrays, or 'arrays') of phase, as disclosed in JL Thomas et al., “Pseudo angular momentum and topological charge conservation for nonlinear acoustical vortices, " Phys. Rev. Lett., 91 ( 24), 2003; and in R. Marchiano et al., "Synthesis and analysis of linear and nonlinear acoustical vortices," Phys. Rev. E - Stat. Nonlinear, Soft MatterPhys., 71 ( 6), 2005.
    [0024] The number of independent active sources required of the active system grows with the topological load of the vortex, that is, the number of complete phase turns in a polar turn increases the complexity of the system, its electronics and its cost. Passive means have also been used to produce and focus the vortex beams. On the one hand, the generation of acoustic vortexes through passive means, using phase plates (as carried out in JL Ealoet al., “Airborne ultrasonic vortex generation using flexible ferroelectrets,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr has been reported. Freq. Control, 58 ( 8), 2011), exploiting the photoacoustic effect (S. Gspan et al., “Optoacoustic generation of a helicoidal ultrasonic beam,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 115 ( 3), 2004 ) or by using deformed helical sources (as described in BT Hefner and PL Marston, “An acoustical helical wave transducer with applications for the alignment of ultrasonic and underwater systems,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 106 ( 6 ), 1999). Metamaterials have also been used to generate vortices using structures with resonant cavities (as disclosed in X. Jiang et al., “Convert Acoustic Resonances to Orbital Angular Momentum,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 117 ( 3), 2016 ; L. Ye et al., “Making sound vortices by metasurfaces,” AIP Adv., 6 ( 8), 2016; CJ Naify et al., “Generation of topologically diverse acoustic vortex beams using a compact metamaterial aperture,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 108 ( 22), 2016; H. Esfahlani et al., “Generation of acoustic helical wavefronts using metasurfaces,” Phys. Rev. B, 95 ( 2), 2017), allowing a precise manipulation of the phase transmitted at a design frequency.
    [0026] They have also been disclosed in the state of the art (see, for example, Chen et al., "Focused acoustic vortex by an artificial structure with two sets of discrete Archimedean spiral slits", App. Phys. Lett., 115 ( 8) , 2019) systems for the generation of acoustic or ultrasonic beams in which the intensity is structured in the form of a helix of a single arm, which rotates as a function of time at a controlled frequency from two focused ultrasonic beams with the same topological load .
    [0028] Finally, the use of spiral-shaped diffraction gratings has been reported, in which constructive and destructive interferences lead to the formation of a helical phase, to generate and focus or defocus the vortex beams ( N. Jiménez et al. ., “Sharp acoustic vortex focusing by Fresnel-spiral zone plates,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 112 ( 20), 2018; T. Wang et al., “Particle manipulation with acoustic vortex beam induced by a brass plate with spiral shape structure,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 109 ( 12), 2016; RD Muelas-Hurtado et al., “Generation of multiple vortex beam by means of active diffraction gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 112 ( 8), 2018). These include topologies such as Archimedean spirals. A divergent spiral (as indicated in N. Jiménez et al., “Sharp acoustic vortex focusing by Fresnel-spiral zone plates,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 112 ( 20), 2018), that is, a grid spiral in which the separation between the slits increases with each turn, similar to the Lottus curve, it also generates an acoustic vortex, but the energy is scattered from the axis and the beam is defocused. In the particular case of the Archimedean spiral, in which the distance between successive arms of the spiral is constant, the diffracted field forms a conical wave front, which leads to the formation of high-order Bessel beams (as disclosed in N. Jiménez et al., “Formation of high-order acoustic Bessel beams by spiral diffraction gratings,” Phys. Rev. E, 94 ( 5), 2016; as well as in N. Jiménez et al., “High-order Acoustic Bessel Beam Generation by Spiral Gratings, ”Phys. Procedia, 70, 2015). When the spiral is convergent, as in the case of the Fermat spiral, the field is focused on a certain point. Said focusing is geometrically optimal with a Fresnel spiral, which can be seen as an extension of Fresnel lenses with phase dislocation (as demonstrated in N. Jiménez et al., “Sharp acoustic vortex focusing by Fresnel-spiral zone plates , ”Appl. Phys. Lett., 112 ( 20), 2018).
    [0030] In the state of the art, some applications that offer acoustic beams to interact with matter have been previously disclosed. For example, the strength of acoustic radiation resulting from the interaction of the acoustic wave with an obstacle during its propagation can be controlled, which is defined (see F. Prieur and OA Sapozhnikov, “Modeling of the acoustic radiation force in elastography, ”J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2017) as:
    [0032]
    [0033] where F¿ is the component of the acoustic radiation force in the direction i , exerted by an acoustic beam that produces a field of total density p ( x, t) = p0 ( x) + p ' ( x, t) where p0 is the density of the medium at rest and p ' ( x, t) is the density variations produced by the acoustic wave, v¿ is the component of particle velocity in the i direction, n ¿j is the flux density tensor of moment and the operator O indicates the temporal average in a period of time relative to the frequency of each vortex beam, wi and W2, respectively. To a second order approximation, the acoustic force vector radiation in the frequency domain of an absorbing medium is given by the expression:
    [0035]
    [0036] where P (x) is the pressure field of the acoustic beam, Co is the speed of sound in vacuum, a (w) is the absorption coefficient of the medium and the operator * denotes the complex conjugate.
    [0038] When the acoustic beam is applied on a soft solid, including soft biological materials such as human soft tissues, stresses occur in the direction of the acoustic intensity of the beam and proportional to its magnitude and the absorption of the tissue. Said stresses can be calculated in a general way by means of Equation (4), although for the case of a soft solid with absorption coefficient aM, the force field can be approximated to:
    [0040]
    [0041] where V is the particle velocity vector in the frequency domain and P is the pressure field in the frequency domain. The deformations produced by the acoustic wave propagate through the solid material in the form of transverse waves with a propagation speed given by:
    [0043]
    [0044] where G V) is the shear modulus of elasticity, which is complex and frequency dependent.
    [0046] Other applications of acoustic beams include controlled rotation of fluids (non-contact), controlled manipulation of particles and objects, and even thermal interaction. When the acoustic beam is focused on a medium with the capacity to absorb acoustic waves, as occurs for example in biological tissues such as soft tissues, there is a temperature increase directly proportional to the intensity of the field, to the absorption coefficient of the medium. and at the time of application of the beam; and inversely proportional to the thermal conductivity of the medium. In this context, the evolution of temperature in a medium where there is perfusion and thermal conduction can be described by the equation:
    [0048]
    [0049] where T = T ( x, t ) is the temperature of the medium, k is the thermal conductivity, t is the perfusion, Cp the heat capacity at constant pressure of the medium and Qv = Qv ( x, t ) describe the heat source. In particular, it has been reported (see Umemura et al., "The sector-vortex phased array: acoustic field synthesis for hyperthermia", IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control, 36 ( 2), p. 249-257, 1989) a transducer for the generation of a helix beam, in such a way as to induce an increase in temperature in a region around said beam.
    [0051] However, in all the methods and techniques cited above the intensity (amplitude) of the vortex beam has a hollow tube shape. That is, although the phase of the field is helical, the intensity is axisymmetric and the forces produced are therefore static. In fact, in many cases, acoustic beam material handling systems have limited spatial control of acoustic radiation forces. Commonly, the radiation force appears in the direction of beam propagation, so most applications are reduced to mere thrust forces. With regard to the aforementioned vortex beams, it should be noted that, although they are capable of generating trapping forces on particles, they are characterized by limited spatial and temporal control since they are reduced to being applied on a point.
    [0053] The present invention provides a solution to the above limitations, through a novel acoustic helix beam technology generated by two confocal vortex beams.
    [0055] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    [0057] The present invention aims to overcome the limitations of the state of the art mentioned above, allowing both the total control of the acoustic beam, in amplitude and phase, as well as the three-dimensional design of said beam. In particular, the invention provides the means to obtain a controlled helix beam, which is capable of propagating in the opposite direction to the direction of propagation of the waves that compose it. This milestone opens up new possibilities for interacting with matter, in an unprecedented way, allowing the forces exerted on it to be controlled spatially and temporally.
    [0059] In the scope of the invention, an arrangement or phase 'array' is understood as an acoustic transducer matrix, where each element of said arrangement can be adjusted to emit a beam with certain physical characteristics (frequency, phase, etc.). The Transducers, in turn, can be single element, or be divided into multiple sectors, each of which acts as an independent transducer. In turn, an acoustic lens is understood to be a device capable of focusing sound in a similar way to how an optical lens focuses light. The excitation signals of the transducers, in this case, are electrical in nature and their characteristics (frequency, phase, etc.) can be adjusted electronically.
    [0061] In the first place, the invention refers to a system for generating acoustic beams that present, at least in part, a space-time superposition thereof, where said system comprises:
    [0062] a) two acoustic confocal vortex beams, with different angular frequency and topological load;
    [0063] b) an overlap zone, in which the two beams are focused and superimposed and which, preferably, extends along an axis;
    [0064] c) two vortex generators adapted to generate the excitation signals to produce the pair of overlapping acoustic beams;
    [0065] d) means configured for measuring and adjusting the frequency and / or topological load of the beams, to control their width and their degree of overlap in the overlapping area.
    [0067] Advantageously in the invention, the combined beam resulting from the superposition of the two individual beams is a helical three-dimensional beam, formed by a plurality of helices wound around the z-direction, whose intensity and phase are controllable through modifications in the beams. individual overlapping. In this way, the propeller generated rotates in time, but it always does so around said z-axis. Typically, the drive signals applied to the transducers are electrical signals with a sinusoidal or pulsed sinusoidal waveform. The number of helices that appear depends on the difference in topological load between the two beams that are superimposed. Preferably, the overlap between both beams is maximized.
    [0069] A preferred embodiment of the invention comprises a system in which the vortex generators are two concentric annular phase arrangements, formed by one or more transducers whose excitation signals are delayed by a time proportional to the topological load of the corresponding beam and the angle azimuth, 0, which indicates the position of each transducer in a plane, called the xy plane, perpendicular to the z axis. The dimensions of the rings are designed to ensure a efficient overlapping of the vortex beams. Furthermore, said vortex beams can be generated characterized by a profile given by a Bessel function of the first kind, which allows their width to be easily controlled through the topological load.
    [0071] Some particularly advantageous implementations of the object of the invention are described below, to illustrate possible preferred embodiments thereof, but without being considered limiting of its scope.
    [0073] A possible embodiment of the system includes a double concentric annular array, where each ring acts as a generator for each of the two beams. Said system is formed by multiple elements or sectors, which are distributed according to any of the following topologies: they can be contained on a plane perpendicular to the z axis (planar topology); inclined an angle with respect to the z axis (plane topology with inclination); or they can be contained on a plane perpendicular to the z axis and be characterized by having a spherical curvature. In the latter case of spherical focusing, the helix is produced only around a focal point while, in the cases of planar topology or plane topology with inclination, the wavefront generated by the superposition of the beams is focused between two points in the axial direction. The excitation signal is individualized to each sector, delaying or shifting it according to the topological load of the corresponding beam and the location of each sector.
    [0075] Another preferred embodiment consists of a system where the vortex generators are two transducers with a single element, annular, concentric and characterized by having a helical surface, whose curvature is designed to produce a phase shift between the beams proportional to the topological load of each one. . In this way, the generation of the helix vortex is produced by the phase shift introduced by the difference in optical paths between both beams and it is not necessary to shift the signals from each ring individually.
    [0077] Another advantageous embodiment is based on a variant of the system described in the previous paragraph, modifying the two rings so that they comprise multiple sectors. In this way, the problems associated with the expensive manufacture of rings made of a single element are avoided. Additionally, it should be noted that the double annular array is distributed according to one of the following topologies:
    [0078] - resting on a helical stepped plane;
    [0079] - located and inclined at an angle with respect to the z axis and, additionally, each ring of elements arranged staggered on a helical surface;
    [0080] - arranged staggered on a helical surface and, additionally, each of the sectors of the rings presenting a spherical curvature.
    [0082] Another particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention comprises two concentric annular phase arrays, formed by one or more transducers that act as phase generators. An acoustic lens is placed on each of the rings to focus the vortices, which makes it possible to avoid the use of curved transducers, usually more complex to manufacture. The phase profile of each of the acoustic lenses on the phase array can preferably adopt any of these transverse profiles: saw tooth, truncated conical, truncated spherical.
    [0084] Another additional embodiment comprises the double annular array, similar to that of the embodiment described in the previous paragraph but where each ring is made up of multiple elements or sectors, which are distributed according to one of the following topologies:
    [0085] - contents on a plane perpendicular to the z-axis and on which a flat phase lens is added;
    [0086] - contents on a plane perpendicular to the z axis and on each of which a lens with an inclined surface is added;
    [0087] - contained on a plane perpendicular to the z axis and, additionally, characterized in that a spherical curvature lens is added to each one of them.
    [0089] Another particular embodiment of the invention comprises two concentric and single element annular transducers operating as generators of the vortex beams, on each of which confocal spiral phase acoustic lenses are placed.
    [0091] In a further implementation, the system comprises a single multi-element ring, capable of acting as a simultaneous generator of the two overlapping acoustic beams. To this end, each sector of the ring is excited with a multitonal signal of modulated amplitude, obtained as the sum of two sinusoidal tones and each tone having a phase proportional to the product of the azimuthal angle that describes the position of each sector in the plane transverse to the z axis and topological load. Again, it is possible for the sectors of the ring to be distributed according to any of the following topologies (but not restricted to them):
    [0092] - flat sectors located in a plane perpendicular to the z axis;
    [0093] - plane sectors inclined at a certain angle with respect to the z axis;
    [0094] - sectors with spherical curvature.
    [0096] Another preferred embodiment of the invention comprises a single multi-element ring, capable of simultaneously generating the two acoustic beams that are superimposed and, additionally, it consists of a plurality of flat sectors, on each of which an acoustic lens is placed. Acoustic lenses help to focus the beam and make the use of curved transducers, more complicated to manufacture, unnecessary.
    [0098] As mentioned, the invention makes it possible to interact without contact with matter, as well as to induce modifications (with respect to speed and position) in it. Below, some particular cases of such interaction and privileged uses that it allows are cited.
    [0100] One possibility is the manipulation of matter without contact, based on the modification of the acoustic radiation force that comprises the use of one or more helix beams generated by the system described above. It should be noted that the invention provides a helix beam capable of propagating in the opposite direction to the direction of propagation of the waves that compose it, which allows spatio-temporal control of the acoustic radiation force, since this in turn it depends on the load and frequency of the beams, among other parameters.
    [0102] Another application of the invention comprises a method for the generation of controlled frequency and position transverse waves inside soft solids, by using one or more helix beams generated by a system according to any of the embodiments described herein. .
    [0104] A final object of the invention refers to a method for the dosage of energy and induction of temperature changes, which comprises the use of one or more helix beams generated by the system according to any of the embodiments described herein. Depending on the intensity of the acoustic beam, the absorption coefficient of the medium and the thermal conductivity of the medium, the energy transferred to biological tissues can be modulated.
    [0105] Said objects of the invention are also summarized by the claims that accompany the present description.
    [0107] DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    [0109] To complement the description of the invention, a set of figures is provided that form an integral part of the description and illustrate a series of preferred embodiments of the invention. However, said figures will not be understood as limiting the scope of the invention, but only as an example of how it can be carried out. In the figures, the following numbers have been used for reference:
    [0111] (1) Beam overlap focal zone.
    [0112] (2) Beam of the first vortex.
    [0113] (3) Make the second vortex.
    [0114] (4) Generator of the first vortex.
    [0115] (4 ') Phase acoustic lens arranged in the generator of the first vortex.
    [0116] (5) Generator of the second vortex.
    [0117] (5 ') Phase acoustic lens arranged in the second vortex generator.
    [0118] (6) Phase profile of the beam of the first vortex.
    [0119] (7) Phase profile of the second vortex beam.
    [0120] (8) Total combined beam field, as a superposition of the phase profiles of the first and second vortexes.
    [0121] (9) Generator of the first and second vortices.
    [0122] (9 ') Phase acoustic lens for single generator.
    [0124] Figure 1 shows a diagram of the superposition of the two vortex beams on a focal zone (1) bounded between the axial distances Fi and F2. The beam from the first vortex (2) is produced by a corresponding generator (4), characterized by a frequency wi and a topological load Mi, while the beam from the second vortex (3) is produced by another generator (5) with a frequency W2 and a topological load M2.
    [0126] Figure 2 illustrates the formation of a controlled rotation helix acoustic beam. (a) When the generator (4) of the first vortex is activated, a vortex beam with a helical phase profile (6) is produced over the focal zone, with topological load Mi and at a frequency wi. (b) When the generator (5) of the second vortex is activated, a vortex beam with helical phase profile (7) is generated over the focal zone with topological charge M2 at frequency W2. (c) The superposition of both fields results in a total field beam (8) of superposition, whose spatial distribution is screwed with respect to the axial axis and rotates with respect to time at a frequency given by the difference in frequencies of the first beams and second. In this case M i = i, M2 = 2 and the difference in topological charges is unity, so a single helix appears that forms the corresponding total field (8).
    [0128] Figure 3 shows a diagram of the controlled rotation helix acoustic beam formation. (a) When the generator (4) of the first vortex is activated, a vortex beam with
    [0129] i2
    [0130] Helical phase profile (6) is generated over the focal zone with topological load Mi at a frequency wi. (b) When the generator (5) of the second vortex is activated, a vortex beam with helical phase profile (7) is generated over the focal zone with topological charge M2 at frequency W2. (c) The superposition of both fields results in a full field beam (8) whose spatial distribution is screwed with respect to the axial axis, and rotates with respect to time at a frequency given by the difference in frequencies of the first and second beams . In the example shown, the difference in topological charges is 2, so two helices appear.
    [0132] Figure 4 (a, b) presents the cross section of the acoustic field magnitude of the first (2) and second (3) vortex beams, respectively, at a height z = (Fi + F2) / 2. Figure 4 (c, d) illustrates the phase cross section of the acoustic field generated by the first (2) and second (3) vortex beams, respectively, at a height z = (Fi + F2) / 2. Figure 4 (e, f) shows the sagittal section of the phase of the acoustic field produced by the vortex beams 1 (2) and 2 (3), respectively, at a distance y = 0. The first column corresponds to the first vortex beam (2), while the second column corresponds to the second vortex beam (3).
    [0134] Figure 5 (ad) represents the cross section of the magnitude of the total acoustic field, obtained as the coherent sum of the first (2) and second (3) vortex beams, at a height z = (Fi + F2) / 2 , where each column corresponds to a different instant of time. Figure 5 (e-h) shows the sagittal section of the magnitude of the total acoustic field, at a distance y = 0, and where each column corresponds to a different instant of time. Figure 5 (i-l) represents the structure of the total field of the helix obtained as the isosurface of equal pressure at different instants of time.
    [0136] Figure 6 illustrates the generators (4, 5) of the first and second vortices, for the twisted beams based on a double ring phase array. Each array is a multi-element system whose electronic excitation is carried out with a delayed signal a time proportional to the product of the topological charge and the polar angle corresponding to each of the elements. (a) Multi-element system where the arrangement of the elements of the double annular array is distributed over a plane. (b) Multi-element system, in which the arrangement of the sector elements is inclined at an angle with respect to the axial axis. (c) Multi-element system, in which the sectorial elements have a spherical curvature with center at the point r (x, y, z) = (0,0, F).
    [0137] Figure 7 shows the generators (4, 5) of the first and second vortices for the screwed beams based on a system formed by two single-element (mono-element) transducers with a helical surface. (a) System composed of two transducers where each one presents a helical surface without variation in the radial coordinate. (b) System composed of two conical-truncated transducers where each one presents a helical surface. (c) System composed of two spherical curvature transducers centered at the point r (x, y, z) = (0,0, F) where each one presents a helical surface.
    [0139] Figure 8 shows the generators (4, 5) of the first and second vortices, for the twisted beams based on a double array of annular phase, helically staggered. (a) Multi-element system, where the arrangement of the elements of each ring is distributed over a helical stepped plane. (b) Multi-element system, in which the arrangement of the sectorial elements is inclined at an angle with respect to the axial axis, and where each ring of elements is staggered on a helical surface. (c) Multi-element system, in which the sectorial elements have a spherical curvature with center at the point r (x, y, z) = (0,0, F) and each ring of elements is staggered on a helical surface.
    [0141] Figure 9 illustrates the generators (4, 5) of the first and second vortices, for the twisted beams based on a double array of annular phase and focusing with acoustic lens (4 ', 5'). Each array is a multi-element system, whose electronic excitation is carried out with a delayed signal a time proportional to the product of the topological charge and the polar angle corresponding to each of the elements. (a) Multi-element system, where the arrangement of the elements of the double annular array is distributed on a plane and on which a flat phase lens is added. (b) Multi-element system, where the arrangement of the elements of the double annular array is distributed on a plane and a lens with an inclined surface is added to each of the elements. (c) Multi-element system, where the arrangement of the elements of the double annular array is distributed on a plane and on each of the elements a lens with a spherical curvature with center at the point r (x, y, z) = is added. (0.0, F).
    [0143] Figure 10 represents the generators (4, 5) of the first and second vortices, for the screwed beams based on a system formed by two single element annular transducers (monoelement), to which a lens is added to generate and focus the vortices. (a) System composed of two annular transducers where a lens with a different spiral phase is added to each one to produce the two confocal vortices. (b) System composed of two annular transducers, where on each one a lens whose surface is helical linear is added. (c) System composed of two annular transducers, where a spherical curvature lens is added to each one with focus at the point r (x, y, z) = (0,0, F), and where one of the lenses presents a helical surface.
    [0145] Figure 11 shows a generator (9) that simultaneously produces the first and second vortices, for screwed beams based on a system formed by a phase arrangement made up of a single multi-element ring. In the case of a single ring, each sector element is excited with an amplitude modulated signal, obtained as the sum of two sinusoidal tones of frequencies wi and W2, where each tone has a phase proportional to the product of the polar angle corresponding to the position of each sector and the topological load, Mi and M2, respectively. (a) System composed of a single ring of flat sectors. (b) System composed of a single ring of sectors inclined at an angle p with respect to the axial axis. (c) System composed of a single ring where each sectorial element presents a spherical curvature with focus at the point r (x, y, z) = (0,0, F).
    [0147] Figure 12 illustrates a generator (9) that simultaneously produces the first and second vortices, for the screwed beams based on a system formed by a phase arrangement made up of a single multi-element ring. In the case of a single ring, each sector element is excited with an amplitude modulated signal obtained as the sum of two sinusoidal tones of frequencies wi and W2, where each tone has a phase proportional to the product of the polar angle corresponding to the position of each sector and the topological load, Mi and M2, respectively. (a) System composed of a single ring of flat sectors where a phase lens with focus between Fi and F2 is positioned on each sector. (b) System composed of a single ring of flat sectors where an inclined lens is placed on each of the sectors, producing a conical wavefront with an angle p with respect to the axial axis. (c) System composed of a single ring of flat sectors where a lens with a spherical curvature is placed on each sector element with focus at the point r (x, y, z) = (0,0, F).
    [0149] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    [0151] As described in the preceding sections, the invention relates to a system and a method for the generation of one or more acoustic beams, the pressure distribution of which is screwed with respect to an axial axis. Said helix-shaped beams rotate about the aforementioned axis as a function of time, with a controllable frequency, and emerge as the
    [0153] i5
    [0154] spatiotemporal superposition on a zone of superposition (1) of two confocal vortex beams (2, 3), of different topological charges and frequencies.
    [0156] In general, to generate said pair of beams, two vortex beam generators (4, 5) are required, as shown in Figure 1. Each generator (4, 5) produces a first vortex beam (2) and a second vortex beam (3), focused and concentrated on the (z) axis, and the spatiotemporal superposition of both beams (2, 3) occurs over an area (1) that covers from z = F1 to z = F2 . The first (2) and second (3) vortex beams have different angular frequencies, identified as w and W2, respectively. The set of vortex generators (4, 5) can be formed by an annular system composed of two concentric rings, as shown in Figure 1, with the generator (4) of the first vortex (2) being the inner ring that it extends radially from r = ax to r = a2 , while the generator (5) of the second vortex (3) is the outer ring that extends radially from r = a2 to r = a . Within the scope of this invention, the outer radius of each ring is called opening.
    [0158] The first (2) and second (3) vortex beams preferably have different topological charges, given by M1 and M2. The topological loads indicate the times that the phase of the beam rotates a total of M times when rotating a complete turn with respect to the polar coordinate, so that the phase of the field of each beam (2, 3) of vortex is proportional to exp [ i (M0 + wt)], where M = M1 and w = w1 for the beam of the first vortex (2); and M = M2 and w = w for the beam of the second vortex (3). The topological charges of both vortices can be any real number, positive or negative, although they are commonly chosen as integers and generally | M1 | <| M2 | when the beams are generated by an annular system of two concentric rings, as illustrated in Figure 1. The value of the frequencies can be arbitrary, although it must generally be satisfied that m2 = (1 A ^) ^! , where the magnitude of the detuning (difference in frequencies of both beams) | A &> | is a real number and less than unity, so both frequencies W1 and W2 are similar.
    [0160] The values of the aperture and the internal radii of the rings are chosen, preferably, so that both beams overlap efficiently. This is due to the fact that each beam (2, 3) has a width according to its topological load and frequency. Assuming that each vortex beam (2, 3) resembles a Bessel beam of order Mn for n = 1.2 and that it extends from z = F1 to z = F2, the cross-sectional profile of the field <p ( 0, r) , in polar coordinates, is given by a Bessel function of the first kind J through the expression: ( e, r) =] n ( k ^ r ^ J exp ( iMn9), (8)
    [0161] where
    [0162] k ln] = kn sinQSj, (9) where pn is the angle that each beam (2, 3) forms with the (z) axis, as shown in Figure 1, and the wave number for each beam is given by kn = Mn / c 0. The width of each beam (2, 3) can be approximated by a distance given by:
    [0163] [n] | M n | + 0.8086 JV | M „í
    [0164] r "= kin] ' (10) which is obtained as the maximum of Equation 8 with respect to the radial coordinate r. The overlap between both beams (2, 3) is maximized when both present a maximum at the same radial distance = r ^] = r¿2], so the radial wave number of the first beam that maximizes the overlap is obtained as:
    [0165] , [1] =, [2] | M1 | + 0.8086Jy 5 / | M m 1 . I |
    [0166] rr | M2 | +0.808637 | M2 |. (eleven)
    [0168] In this way, by setting the focal length F2 and the aperture a of the system, as well as the desired frequencies and topological loads, the other design parameters of the system can be obtained. The angle formed by the second beam (3) is fixed by the aperture and the focal length F2, by means of the expression:
    [0170]
    [0173] Next, from Equation 9 we obtain the radial wave number for the second beam (3) as fc¡; 2] = k2 sin (^ 2), and then proceed to obtain the radial wave number of the first beam with Equation 11 and, finally, the angle of the first beam (2) is obtained using Equation 9 and is as:
    [0175]
    [0177] It should be noted that the parameters set above are those that optimize the overlap between the two beams (2, 3) in an area ranging from z = F1 to z = F2 when each beam (2, 3) is similar to a Bessel beam of order Mn for n = 1.2. However, a helix beam can be achieved with parameters other than those described here.
    [0178] In this way, the helix acoustic beams according to the invention are obtained as a space-time superposition of two beams (2, 3). To better understand how they are generated, it is convenient to examine separately how each of the beams (2, 3) contributes, as shown in Figure 2. The phase (6) of the beam field of the first vortex (2) is obtained when only the generator (4) of said first vortex (2) is active, as illustrated in Figure 2 (a), for the particular case of topological load M1 = 1. More specifically, for said beam (2) the areas of equal phase (6) follow a helical surface. The phase (6) of the beam rotates M1 times with each complete turn to the polar coordinate 0. Similarly, when only the generator (5) of the second vortex (3) is active, then a vortex beam (3) is generated as shown in Figure 2 (b), for the particular case of topological load M2 = 2. Said field also has a helical phase profile (7) and its phase rotates M2 times with each complete turn to the polar coordinate 0. If both beams (2, 3) are active simultaneously, then the total field (obtained as the coherent sum of the first (2) and second (3) beams), is illustrated in Figure 2 (c). Said beam has spatial characteristics that differentiate it from common vortex beams. Due to the spatiotemporal superposition of beams 1 (2) and 2 (3), the resulting field (8) has a spatial distribution whose magnitude, given by the difference in topological charges Md = | Mi-M2 |, takes the shape of a helix as illustrated in Figure 2 (c). More specifically, the way in which the magnitude of the field (8) follows a helical trajectory that rotates through time can be expressed by the parametric equations for the rn-th helix as:
    [0180]
    [0181] where 0 is the independent variable (also equivalent to the azimuthal coordinate), is the width of the helix in the radial coordinate, | M d | equals the total number of helices that are formed characterized by an index m = 1,2, ..., | M d |; while it represents the angular frequency at which the helices rotate and Ad denotes the separation distance of the helices between consecutive turns and a = sign ( M2 - M1 ) is a sign function that indicates the twisting direction of the propeller. For o = 1 the helix is right-handed and the beam shape is screwed clockwise with respect to the ( x, y) plane; While for a = - 1 the helix is left-handed and the field is screwed counterclockwise with respect to the ( x, y) plane.
    [0183] On the other hand, the spatiotemporal superposition of the first (2) and second (3) beams produces that the separation distance between maxima of the resulting beam (8) (that is, the separation distance of the helices between consecutive turns) is given by the de-tuning between the axial components of the wave number (A: ¿1] and A: ¿2] for the first and second beams, respectively) as:
    [0185]
    [0186] where fc¿1] = k% - k , 1] and A: ¿2] = kl - k [2]
    [0188] In the case illustrated in Figure 2 for M1 = 1 and M2 = 2, the difference in topological loads Md is unity, therefore a single helix beam is generated. On the contrary, Figure 3 shows the case of M1 = 2 and M2 = 4, so in this case the resulting acoustic beam is not static and is formed by a pair of helices that rotate with respect to the axial axis, r ( x, y, z) = (0,0, z), at an angular frequency cod given by the difference in frequencies of each beam (wd = w2 - ^). Note that while the frequencies of the vortex beams (2, 3) are very high (on the order of kilohertz or megahertz), the rotation frequency of the total propeller (8) generated (wd) can be as small as required. The sign of the quotient ( úd / M d determines the direction of temporal rotation of the beams (2, 3) with respect to the polar coordinate: if it is positive, the rotation is right-handed, while if it is negative, said rotation is left-handed. Finally, To characterize said rotation of the resulting propeller (8), an axial group velocity (cg) is defined given by:
    [0190] 9 4 2] _ 4 1] 0 ^ COS (ft) - W 2COS ( p 2y
    [0191] whose value can be positive or negative depending on the sign of the difference in frequencies. In this way, the propellers can be screwed forward in the positive direction of the axial axis (z), or unscrewed backwards in the direction thereof.
    [0193] The acoustic field produced by two vortex beams (2, 3) is shown in Figure 4, for a pair of Bessel beams with topological loads M1 = 1 and M2 = 2, with frequencies ft = 1.1 MHz and f 2 = 1.1001 MHz, respectively, using a vortex generator with aperture a = 4 cm and focal zone (1) F2 - F1 = 2 cm. Figures 4 (a, b) show the magnitude of the acoustic field in a cross section at a height z = ( Ft F2) / 2, where the characteristic ring of the vortex beams (2, 3) is observed. The phase of the field for each beam (2, 3) is shown in Figures 4 (c, d), where the phase dislocation is seen at ( x, y) = (0,0). The magnitude of the field, in a sagittal section to the axial axis, is shown in Figures 4 (e, f), where the tube-shaped structure of each of the beams (2, 3) can be seen. Using the methods described above, the width of both beams (2, 3) is the same, thereby ensuring their overlap.
    [0195] The coherent sum of the fields associated with the beams (2, 3) described in Figure 4 is shown in Figure 5, for different instants of time over a complete period of the difference in frequencies.
    [0197] As mentioned above, the resulting acoustic beam (8) makes it possible to generate an acoustic radiation force as described in Equation 4, which is a valid second-order approximation for small values of
    [0198] Another preferred use of the invention consists in generating transverse waves of controlled frequency and position inside soft solids, according to Equation 5, by applying a helix beam. This produces torsional and axial forces in soft materials in the direction of rotation of the helix beam, producing transient deformations of the material that propagate at a speed given by Equation 6. Since the acoustic field varies as a function of time, following the shape of the rotating propeller, the invention provides a method of generating transverse waves of controlled frequency and amplitude, by focusing the propeller beam within a soft solid. Said transverse waves can be used to obtain the elasticity of the material using ultrasonic elastography techniques, by inverting Equation 5. The method allows dynamic control of the acoustic radiation tensor inside soft solids, offering a unique and original shape. for the control of polarization and modulation of shear waves, eg within soft tissues, which may be useful eg in elastography for medical diagnostics. Said transverse waves can also be used to interact with the objects surrounding the soft solid. They can also be used in focused ultrasound systems for therapeutic treatments.
    [0200] Another advantageous application of the helix bundles of the invention consists in the controlled rotation of fluids, exerted without contact. When the helix beam is focused on a fluid in which there are inhomogeneities or acoustic absorption (for example, viscosity), a radiation force proportional to the acoustic intensity of the field is generated in the fluid, which is given by I (x, t) = (PV *) / 4, and to the direction of the propeller. Assuming a small frequency difference,
    [0202] F (x, t) = 2 a (w) í ^, (19) co
    [0203] so that they can be controlled by temporal modulation of the propeller beam parameters. This translates into a dynamic control of the radiation pressure inside fluids. In this way, the combined helix bundle (8) described in the invention provides a method for exerting non-contact forces on fluids, allowing to apply forces of rotation, attraction and thrust on them. This technique is applicable, for example, to ultrasonic homogenization processes and fluid processing in sonochemistry, among other industrial, chemical or biomedical applications.
    [0204] Another advantageous use of the invention is the controlled manipulation of particles and objects. The use of the combined helix beam (8) provides a method for the dynamic control of the entrapment, rotation, thrust, traction and manipulation of particles and objects, by means of the space-time control of the acoustic radiation forces. The control can be dynamic, through the temporal modulation of the parameters of the combined helix beam (8).
    [0206] Another additional application of the invention consists in the dosage of energy in the form of a helix, according to Equation 7. When the helix beam is focused on a medium with absorption of acoustic waves, such as soft biological tissue, the Energy from the beam is transferred to the medium, raising its temperature. In this way, the system makes it possible to raise the temperature of the medium in an area determined by the structure of the acoustic field, following a space-time distribution of a rotating helix. If such a helix beam is used as a heat source then:
    [0207] Qv = 2a (w) | I (x, í) |, (20) where | I (x, t) | is the modulus of the acoustic intensity vector where again I (x, t) = PV * / 4. In this way, the use of the helix beam provides a method for dynamic control of the acoustic energy dosage and produces a temperature rise by spatiotemporal control of the acoustic intensity field of the helix beam. Such a system can be used in the design of high intensity focused ultrasound medical therapy systems.
    [0209] In the following, different implementations of the method for generating helix beams will be described, as non-limiting examples of preferred embodiments of the invention. In all of them phase arrays are used, which allow changing the beam parameters (topological loads, frequency, etc.) dynamically by varying the electronic excitation signals, which offers great versatility. Therefore, it is possible to control the number of propellers and their direction of rotation, as well as their rotation speed, among other parameters. Phase arrays can be single element (single element, with a single transducer) or, alternatively, divided into two or more sectors (multi element, with several transducers).
    [0211] A first preferred embodiment of the invention consists in producing each vortex with a concentric annular phase arrangement or array, which is divided into sectors or elements as illustrated in Figure 6. Each generating element (4, 5) ( n, with n = 1,2) of the phase array is excited with a periodic electrical signal, for example sinusoidal or pulsed sinusoidal, at a frequency. Thus, to obtain a beam with a topological load M n, each of the excitation signals is delayed by a time t n, given by:
    [0213]
    [0214] where 0 is the polar coordinate of the location of the center of each generating element (4, 5) of the phase array. Alternatively, each frequency drive signal corresponding to each sector element of the phase array, located at a 0 position, can be offset:
    [0216]
    [0217] where the phase is expressed in radians. In this way, this first preferred embodiment is formed by a system with a double array of annular and concentric phase (see Figure 6); which supports various topologies including, but not restricted to:
    [0218] - A pair of flat, annular and concentric sector phase arrays, as shown in Figure 6 (a). The system is made up of a pair of generator rings (4, 5), each of which comprises several sectoral, annular and concentric acoustic transducers, each excited with a lagged or delayed electrical signal according to Equations 21-22.
    [0219] - A pair of conical, annular and concentric sectorial phase arrays; as illustrated in Figure 6 (b). The system is formed by a pair of generator rings (4, 5), each of which includes a plurality of sectoral acoustic transducers, inclined at an angle an = n - pn with respect to the axial axis in the (r, z) plane in cylindrical coordinates, so that the height of each element is given by z ( r ) = r • tan ( pn), where ^ for the generator (4) of the first vortex (2) is given by Equation 13, while for the generator (5) of the second vortex (3) obeys the relation of Equation 12. In this way, a conical wavefront is generated that focuses from z = F1 to z = F2, thus forming a Bessel beam along long axis (z). The combined vortex (8) is achieved by exciting each of the transducers with a lagged or delayed electrical signal according to Equations 21-22.
    [0220] - A pair of sectorial, spherical, annular and concentric phase arrays as illustrated in Figure 6 (c). The system comprises a pair of generator rings (4, 5), each of which encompasses a plurality of sectoral acoustic transducers characterized by having a spherical curvature centered at the point r (x, y, z) = (0, 0 , F). Thus, the helix occurs only around focal point F. Again, the vortex Combined (8) is achieved by exciting each of the transducers with a lagged or delayed electrical signal according to Equations 21-22.
    [0222] A second preferred embodiment of the invention (see Figure 7) comprises the use of a pair of single element transducers, excited with a frequency signal ^ and &> 2 respectively, and whose surface is designed with a helical curvature, to produce a phase shift equivalent to 2nMn radians with each azimuthal turn on the surface of the nth transducer. In particular, the generation of the combined vortex (8) occurs due to the phase shift produced by the difference between the acoustic paths traveled by each beam (2, 3). The single element dual transducer system supports various topologies including, but not limited to:
    [0223] - A pair of annular transducers with a helical surface, as seen in Figure 7 (a). The system consists of two concentric generator rings (4, 5), whose surface is helically curved so that their height zn verifies zn ( 9) = ( AnMn9) / 2n, where An is the wavelength associated with the frequency beam wn ( An = 2nc0 / <u n) and, again, 0 denotes the polar coordinate on the surface of the n-th transducer.
    [0224] - A pair of generators (4, 5) formed by concentric and conical-truncated annular transducers, with a helical surface as shown in Figure 7 (b). The surface of the transducers is helically curved so that the height of the nth transducer ( z n) verifies the following function expressed in cylindrical coordinates:
    [0226]
    [0227] which represents an inclined helical surface, where the difference of acoustic paths traveled by rays perpendicular to the transducer to the axis (z) is a distance ( AnMn9) / 2n.
    [0228] - A pair of annular transducers with spherical curvature and helical surface, as illustrated in Figure 7 (c). The system is formed by two spherical-truncated and concentric generator rings (4, 5) whose surface is helically curved, so that the height of the n-th transducer ( z n) verifies the following function expressed in spherical coordinates:
    [0230]
    [0231] or, equivalently, in Cartesian coordinates:
    [0233]
    [0234] Y
    [0235]
    [0236] where F denotes the point where the helix beam is focused and Equations 24-26 represent a helical surface where the difference of acoustic paths traveled by rays perpendicular to the focused transducer to the geometric focus is a distance ( ÁnMn9) / 2n . In this case of focalization by means of a spherical helix, the helix occurs only around the focal point F.
    [0238] A third preferred embodiment to generate the first (2) and second (3) vortex beams comprises the use of a pair of generators (4, 5) formed by multiple element transducers, arranged helically as shown in Figure 8 Unlike the phase arrays of Figure 6, in this embodiment the combined vortex (8) is generated due to the difference between the paths traveled by each individual beam (2, 3), so it is not necessary to offset the electrical signals of each element of the array. Thus, all the elements of each ring are excited with the same signal, with frequency ^ and &> 2 respectively, for the first (4) and second (5) generator rings. The use and behavior of the helical surface multi-element system is similar to that of the system with double single element transducers with helical surface (shown in Figure 7), but has an advantage over the latter: manufacturing a single monoelement transducer is more expensive than to make it from a succession of smaller transducers. Therefore, it is convenient to divide the helical surface into sectors and arrange flat or focused sector elements on said surface. In this way, it is possible to reproduce the planar, conical focusing and spherical focusing topologies shown in Figure 7, but having a series of sector transducers on said surfaces. In this way, the systems of Figure 8 are obtained, where Figure 8 (a) corresponds to the flat arrangement, Figure 8 (b) represents the conical targeting and Figure 8 (c) shows the spherical targeting.
    [0240] A fourth preferred embodiment of the invention involves the use of an acoustic lens, which can be arranged on a pair of concentric and annular phase arrays, as shown in Figure 9. This system can be manufactured avoiding curved acoustic transducers. like those mentioned above, so it is easier to manufacture. The acoustic lens is responsible for providing the desired focusing (either conical or point), while the properties of the helix beams (2, 3) (topological loads, frequency, etc.) can be controlled and dynamically modified electronically . Each element of the nth phase array (for n = 1,2) is excited with an electrical signal, eg sinusoidal or pulsed sinusoidal, at a frequency w n; so that to obtain beams with topological load Mn, each one of said electrical signals is excited with a delay given by Equation 21 or, alternatively, is out of phase with a phase that obeys Equation 22. In particular, on each of In the generating sectors (4, 5) of the phase array, an acoustic lens (4 ', 5') of corresponding phase is placed, which can have several topologies, including the following configurations (but not restricted to them):
    [0241] - Acoustic lenses (4 ', 5') with sawtooth profile, as shown in Figure 9 (a). To optimize the overlap of the first (2) and second (3) beams, the lenses (4 ', 5') corresponding to each generator ring (4, 5) of transducers have to produce a conical confocal wavefront; so that the nth lens has to produce, at a height z = zo (where zo is a distance close to the surface of the lens), a field proportional to:
    [0245] where 0 0 is a real arbitrary constant.
    [0246] - Acoustic lenses (4 ', 5') flat and / or truncated conical, as shown in Figure 9 (b). The transverse profile of the lenses (4 ', 5'), arranged to obtain a conical wavefront that focuses from z = Fi to z = F2, with a characteristic angle p n, is given by the curve:
    [0248]
    [0249] where r is the radial coordinate, an is the angle of inclination of the lens (4 ', 5') with respect to the plane (x, y) obtained by applying the laws of refraction as:
    [0251] Qn = so-
    [0253] where the index n = 1.2 refers, respectively, to the lenses
    [0254] corresponding to the generators (4, 5) of the first (2) and second (3) vortices. Said lenses (4 ', 5') are preferably made of a material whose sound propagation speed is cn . The reference distance, for each lens (4 ', 5'), is given by:
    [0256]
    [0257] where a | ^ x denotes the opening of each ring: a âx _ a2 and a ^ ax _ a. It should be noted that when cn <c0, the lens (4 ', 5') exhibits a truncated conical profile, while for cn> c0 the curvature of the lens is the inverse. Furthermore, for geometric considerations, the maximum possible thickness of the lens for the case cn> c0 is a lens of height
    [0258] - Lenses (4 ', 5') with truncated spherical curvature, as illustrated in Figure 9 (c), whose cross-sectional profile is designed to obtain a wavefront that focuses on the point z = F, through the relationship :
    [0260]
    [0262]
    [0263] where cn is the speed of sound in the material that constitutes the lens (4 ', 5'). For materials in which the velocity meets cn> c0, then the curvature of the lens (4 ', 5') is concave and the sign of the radius of curvature, sn = sign ( Rc ), is positive. In the opposite case, with cn < c0, the curvature of the lens (4 ', 5') is convex and the sign sn is negative. Since the wavefront is refracted with an angle p ( r) = tan-1 (^), to obtain a lens (4 ', 5') that reproduces the spherical focalization of an aperture wavefront a , it must have an aperture equal to:
    [0265]
    [0268] Equation 33 above imposes restrictions on the materials that can be used in the system, since materials whose velocity cn is similar to that of the propagation medium (c0) result in high curvatures, in which case it is not possible to obtain a lens ( 4 ', 5') that covers the maximum opening required. For the design to be possible for concave lenses ( cn> c0), the condition must be verified:
    [0270]
    [0271] while, for convex lenses ( cn < c0), the design limitation is given by:
    [0273]
    [0275] As indicated by Equations 34-35, highly refractive materials are required to focus at short distances using convex lenses, or at long distances using concave lenses.
    [0277] Another particular embodiment of the object of the invention consists of a system of generators (4, 5) with a double concentric annular single element, with acoustic lenses (4 ', 5') of spiral phase, as shown in Figure 10. This system uses only one pair of annular transducers, each excited with a single electrical signal from different frequencies and placing an acoustic lens (4 ', 5') on each of them. Said lens (4 ', 5') is responsible for generating the two confocal beams (2, 3) and, simultaneously, produces the required phase dislocation in each of them, said phase dislocation being proportional to the topological load required by the generators (4, 5) of the first (2) and second (3) vortices. The topology of the acoustic lens (4 ', 5') that is placed on each of the rings corresponding to the generators (4, 5) of the first (2) and second (3) vortices can take several topologies, covering ( non-exclusive):
    [0278] - Lenses (4 ', 5') of phase with sawtooth profile, as shown in Figure 10 (a). To optimize the overlap of the first (2) and second (3) vortex beam pair, the lenses (4 ', 5') corresponding to each vortex generator (4, 5) have to produce a confocal wavefront. If said wavefront is conical and has a topological charge Mn, the lens (4 ', 5') of the nth phase must produce, at a height z = zo (where zo is a distance close to the surface of the lens ), a field proportional to:
    [0280]
    [0281] which implies a modification with respect to Equation 27, adding the term exp (iM n 0).
    [0282] - Truncated conical-helical lenses (4 ', 5'), placed on each of the vortex generators (4, 5) as shown in Figure 10 (b). The transverse profile of the lenses (4 ', 5') to obtain a conical vortex wavefront focused between z = F1 and z = F2 is given by:
    [0284]
    [0285] where the reference height z ["] is given by Equation 30 and the lenses (4 ', 5') are built with a material with a propagation speed cn for a frequency wn , so the wavelength is given as
    [0286] - Truncated spherical-helical lenses (4 ', 5'), placed on each of the vortex generators (4, 5) as shown in Figure 10 (c). The transverse profile of the lenses (4 ', 5') so that they focus on the point z = F is given by the curve:
    [0288]
    [0289] where Rc ( 9 ) denotes again the radius of curvature of the lens (4 ', 5'), which now also depends on the polar coordinate 9 (unlike Equation 32) and is given through the laws of refraction as:
    [0291]
    [0292] The restrictions imposed by Equations 34-35 apply again to this design, where designed lenses generally exhibit some degree of aberration.
    [0293] Additionally, another preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 11. Said embodiment is a variation of the previous designs, where a single phase generator array (9) is used, adopting a ring configuration, which is formed by a transducer. multi-element sector. This design makes it possible to obtain the first (2) and second (3) vortex beams simultaneously, if a frequency modulated excitation signal with a given modulation index is applied or, equivalently, the sum of two sinusoidal signals of identical amplitude, but whose phase depends on the azimuthal position (0) of each element of the phase array, in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the helix. It should be noted that, although the complexity is less compared to the previously proposed embodiments, the single ring generator (9) phase array system, excited by an amplitude modulated signal, does not fully optimize the spatiotemporal overlap of the two beams ( 2, 3) vortex, both having the same angle of incidence. However, this does not prevent the combined helix bundle (8) of the invention from being formed, even if not optimally. Thus, in this design the excitation signals V ( t , d ) verify:
    [0294] V ( t , 9 ) = y0 (t) [sin (to1t M19 ) sin (o) 2t M29 ) , (40) where t denotes time dependence and V0 ( t ) is an envelope function of arbitrary maximum amplitude, and which is commonly defined as a pulse with a square waveform, whose duration is greater than the period associated with ( ú 1 and cú 2. This single ring phase array system (9) supports several topologies, such as:
    [0295] - A flat sectorial phase array (9) without focusing, as shown in Figure 11 (a), formed by a ring (9) of N acoustic transducers, with a planar curvature centered at point r (x , y, z) = (0,0, F).
    [0296] - A sectorial phase array (9) where each element is inclined, with respect to the plane (x, y), an angle a = n - as shown in Figure 11 (b). Said system is composed of N sectoral acoustic transducers, whose inclination is given by z ( r ) = r tan ( fi2). (41) - A spherical sectorial phase array (9), as illustrated in Figure 11 (c), formed by a pair of rings, each of which comprises N sectorial acoustic transducers, with a spherical curvature with center at the point r (x, y, z) = (0,0, F).
    [0298] A last preferred embodiment of the invention consists of a single ring phase array system (9), excited by an amplitude modulated signal, which is simplified by eliminating the curvature or inclination of the active elements of the multi-element transducer, by using a single acoustic lens (9 ') to focus the beam. The The system consists of a ring of N flat sectoral acoustic transducers. The excitation of each of the active phase array elements is carried out according to Equation 40. An acoustic lens (9 ') is placed on each of the rings, as described above for the fourth preferred embodiment of the invention. Thus, the design supports various topologies including, but not limited to:
    [0299] - A flat sectorial phase array (9) like the one shown in Figure 12 (a), where an acoustic phase lens (9 ') is located on each element whose design is described by Equation 27.
    [0300] - A flat sectorial phase array (9), like the one shown in Figure 12 (b), where a conical-truncated acoustic lens (9 ') is located on each element whose curvature is described by Equation 28.
    [0301] - A flat sectorial phase array (9), as seen in Figure 12 (c), where an acoustic lens (9 ') with spherical focus is placed on each element with center at point r (x, y , z) = (0,0, F), given its design by Equations 31-32.
    权利要求:
    Claims (17)
    [1]
    1. - System for generating acoustic beams with space-time superposition, where said system comprises:
    - at least one vortex generator (4, 5, 9), adapted to generate excitation signals of at least two vortex confocal acoustic beams (2, 3), where said beams (2, 3) have different angular frequencies, and m 2, and different topological load, M1 and M2;
    - means for controlling the frequency and / or the topological load of the beams (2, 3), configured to regulate their width and their degree of overlap in an overlapping zone (1) in which they are focused and overlap said beams
    (2. 3);
    said system being characterized in that the beam (8) resulting from the superposition of both confocal acoustic beams (2, 3) is a helical beam (8) comprising a plurality of helices around an axis (z), whose number, intensity and / or phase are controllable through modifications in the beams (2, 3) operated by the control means.
    [2]
    2. - System according to the preceding claim, comprising at least two vortex generators (4, 5), where each of said generators (4, 5) is adapted to generate one of the confocal acoustic beams (2, 3).
    [3]
    3. - System according to the preceding claim, where the generators (4, 5) comprise two concentric and annular phase arrays, formed by one or more transducers whose excitation signals are delayed by a time proportional to the topological load of the beam (2, 3) corresponding and to the azimuth angle, 0 that indicates the position of each transducer in a plane, plane (xy), perpendicular to the axis (z).
    [4]
    4. - System according to the previous claim, where the double annular array is formed by multiple elements or sectors, which are distributed according to one of the following topologies:
    - contents on a plane perpendicular to the (z) axis;
    - inclined an angle with respect to the axis (z);
    - contained on a plane perpendicular to the (z) axis and, with a spherical curvature.
    [5]
    5. - System according to claim 2, where the vortex generators (4, 5) They comprise two annular and concentric phase arrays, which comprise two transducers formed by one or more elements, and which have at least one helical surface, the curvature of which is designed to produce a phase shift between the vortex beams (2, 3) proportional to the topological load of each.
    [6]
    6. - System according to the preceding claim, where the double annular array is distributed according to one of the following topologies:
    - arranged on a helical stepped plane;
    - arranged and inclined at an angle with respect to the axis (z) and, additionally, where each array is arranged in steps on a helical surface;
    - arranged in steps on a helical surface and, additionally, where each of the rings has a spherical curvature.
    [7]
    7. - System according to claim 2, where the vortex generators (4, 5) comprise two concentric and annular phase arrays, formed by one or more transducers, on each of which an acoustic lens (4 ', 5 ') to focus the vortex beams (2, 3).
    [8]
    8. - System according to the preceding claim, where the phase profile of each of the acoustic lenses (4 ', 5') on the phase array adopts any of these transverse profiles: sawtooth, truncated conical, truncated spherical.
    [9]
    9. - System according to any of claims 7-8 where the two annular phase arrays comprise multiple elements or sectors, which are distributed according to one of the following topologies:
    - contained on a plane perpendicular to the axis (z), on which a lens (4 ', 5') with a flat phase is arranged;
    - contents on a plane perpendicular to the axis (z), on which a lens (4 ', 5') with an inclined surface is arranged;
    - contained on a plane perpendicular to the axis (z), on which a lens (4 ', 5') of spherical curvature is arranged.
    [10]
    10. - System according to claim 2, wherein the vortex generators (4, 5) comprise two concentric annular transducers and a single element, on which two spiral phase confocal acoustic lenses (4 ', 5') are placed.
    [11]
    eleven.
    [12]
    12.
    [13]
    13.
    [14]
    14.
    [15]
    15. - Method to manipulate an object characterized in that it comprises the use of a system according to any of the preceding claims, to apply acoustic radiation force on said object in a controlled manner, by configuring the beam (8) resulting from the superposition of two confocal acoustic beams (2, 3) generated by the aforementioned system.
    [16]
    16.
    [17]
    17. Method for dosing energy and inducing temperature changes in an object, comprising the use of one or more helix beams (8) generated by a system according to any of claims 1-14.
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    公开号 | 公开日
    WO2022018318A1|2022-01-27|
    ES2811650B2|2021-08-13|
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    PCT/ES2021/070543| WO2022018318A1|2020-07-22|2021-07-21|System for generating helical acoustic beams and uses of same|
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